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The SARS-CoV-2 virus triggered a never-before-seen scenario worldwide. Ecuador declared a state of emergency to contain coronavirus transmission by applying social isolation policies and mobility limitations. During this period, noise pollution decreased in Guayaquil city. This study proposes the use of smartphones to collect noise data and generate soundscape maps of Guayaquil during different time slots. The results revealed traffic as the predominant type of noise, followed by vehicles, buses, and people´s voices. This article demonstrates the feasibility of crowdsourcing for the collection of environmental variables. © 2022 National Institute for Space Research, INPE. All rights reserved.
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The repercussions of COVID-19 are different throughout the world due to an assortment of aspects that distinguish some countries from others regarding the structure and response of health systems, the socioeconomic conditions of the population, the activation of emergency committees and contingency plans, and the coordination between central and sectional governments. Even among cities, regions and states of the same country, the pandemic presents a different face. In Ecuador, the effects in Guayaquil contributed to its being catalogued as the Wuhan of Latin America. This article sheds light on the social determinants that explain the consequences in Guayaquil, in contrast to what happened in the capital, Quito.
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The pandemic scenario caused by Covid-19 generated negative impacts. Covid-19 has made it clear that our daily lives depend to a high degree on access to energy. Therefore, now more than ever, it is necessary to promote new activities such as local food production, but also local energy capture. This article is an attempt to expose and quantify the benefits of a renewable energy transition in Ecuador post Covid-19 and post-oil. The generation, consumption, and reserves of oil in Ecuador were characterized, and the concept of energy transition was applied to evaluate the possibilities of integration of renewables, the progressive exit of thermal power plants, and future energy strategies. The year 2015 was taken as a basis and it was determined that energy use was 154.0 TWh / year, which corresponds to an end-user of approximately 147 TWh / year. The objective was to reduce this end-use demand to 80.0 TWh/year by 2055 through the integration of renewables and energy efficiency, for which 5 transition phases were planned until a 100% renewable system was obtained. It is concluded that the energy transition in Ecuador is technically possible and economically viable, without giving up the energy well-being that we currently enjoy. However, results show that even 100% renewable is not enough to face climate change.
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Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 mainly affects the respiratory system, but the damage caused by this virus also extends to other systems, including the nervous system, and the mechanisms of neurological infection can be direct or indirect. Objective(s): To determine the relationship between neurological manifestations and disease severity in symptomatic COVID-19 positive patients at San Vicente de Paul Hospital in 2021. Material(s) and Method(s): A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using medical records of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and neurological manifestations, which were classified into manifestations of the central nervous system and manifestations of the peripheral nervous system. Result(s): The results show that 74,1 % of patients presented neurological manifestations;the highest percentage was concentrated in patients who developed severe disease (15 [60 %], CNS;91 [77,1 %], PNS;125 [65,4 %], CNS and PNS). The joint presence of central and peripheral neurological manifestations was significantly associated with critical COVID-19 (P value= 0,011;OR: 2,005). The mortality rate reached 2,69 %. Conclusion(s): Neurological manifestations in hospitalized COVID-19 patients are very common, and critical COVID-19 is more likely to have neurological manifestations.Copyright © 2022 Universidad de Ciencias Medicas de La Hab. All rights reserved.
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The health conditions generated by the COVID-19 pandemic severely restricted in-person therapy, and as a result online therapy was put into practice. The objective of this study was to describe and analyse, from the perspective of the therapist, how the pandemic has influenced their experience and clinical practice. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 24 Latin American therapists who had performed online therapy during the pandemic. The information was analysed following the coding procedures of the Grounded Theory. Three core categories were constructed from the analysis: (a) impact on the therapist: spiral of uncertainty, oppression and adaptive astonishment;(b) incorporation of technologies into clinical practice: 'I never thought they could help';and (c) transformation of the practice of psychotherapy: 'water always finds its way'. The model incorporates and relates therapists' perceptions of their professional work, patients' attitudes towards this new psychotherapy method, perception of the therapeutic relationship and process, and the facilitators and obstacles experienced in online therapy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) (Spanish) Las condiciones de salud generadas por la pandemia por COVID-19 restringieron severamente la terapia presencial, y se puso en practica la no presencial. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y analizar desde la perspectiva del terapeuta, como la pandemia ha influido en su experiencia y en su practica clinica. Se realizaron entrevistas cualitativas a 24 terapeutas latinoamericanos que habian realizado terapia no presencial durante la pandemia. La informacion fue analizada siguiendo los procedimientos de codificacion de la Teoria Fundamentada. A partir del analisis se construyeron tres categorias axiales a) Impacto en el terapeuta: Espiral de incertidumbre, agobio y asombro adaptativo;b) Incorporacion de las tecnologias a la practica clinica: 'nunca pense que podia servir';y c) Transformacion del ejercicio de la psicoterapia: 'el agua siempre encuentra su camino'. El modelo incorpora y relaciona: las percepciones de los terapeutas sobre su trabajo profesional, las actitudes de los pacientes hacia esta nueva modalidad de psicoterapia, la percepcion de la relacion y el proceso terapeuticos, asi como los facilitadores y obstaculos experimentados en la terapia no presencial. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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This research analyzes the proposal of former President Lenin Moreno Garces for the granting of the proposal of the General Regulation of the Organic Law of Humanitarian Support to combat the health crisis derived from COVID 19, in Ecuador in 2020. The Humanitarian Support Law includes labor measures such as the option of signing agreements between employers and workers, a new type of fixed-term contract for an emerging special purpose, reduction of working hours, early vacation, and teleworking. In addition, the interpretation of fortuitous event or force majeure as grounds for dismissal is established. Within the solidarity measures for social welfare and productive reactivation, it was provided that the pensiones some alternatives such as the reduction and analysis of educational pensions, in the case of temporary eviction in the matter of tenancy: In order for the lessee of a commercial premises to benefit from the temporary suspension referred to in article 4 of the Law, you must pay your landlord at least twenty percent (20%) of the value of any royalties outstanding or due;and submit to the lessor the VAT returns for both the month of February 2020, the n or increase in costs in basic services was considered, Prohibition of cancellation or suspension of coverage of contracts, Rescheduling of life insurance quotas, Productive credits for economic reactivation and protection of employment in the private sector, Annual motor vehicle tax, Labor stability, Exceptional pre-bankruptcy agreements, Financial institutions: In the case of financial institutions, the debtor will maintain its credit rating for the duration of the mediation process and this will maintain the rating granted the month prior to the entry of its request to initiate the pre-bankruptcy agreement to a Mediation Center. In the case of obligations or debts restructured or novated through pre-bankruptcy agreements with the National Customs Service. Ecuadorian Social Security Institute, public financial institutions, Decentralized Autonomous Governments (GADS), public companies, among others, will become enforceable when the pre-bankruptcy payment agreement has been formalized, forself-financed post-graduate doctors and scholarship holders who are providing their services in the health system in the months since the declaration of the emergency until the issuance of this Regulation, and who are in their training period, sign a contract for occasional services, on the scale of public servant 7 (SP7), With these measures help people who lost their jobs or family members who lost their lives with the pandemic in the health crisis due to COVID 19
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The changes forced by the COVID-19 pandemic, have made educational institutions adopt new practices in the use of VLEs platforms and, one of these is to homogenize virtual classrooms, for which this study aims to diagnose how effective are the digital resources for cloned courses, taking as a pilot the subject of Linear Algebra. The development of this research is longitudinal, empirical-analytical, and quantitative. The study is carried out in two periods, from October 2021 to September 2022, at the Salesian Polytechnic University in the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador, with a total of 944 first year students of engineering careers. As a result, fewer courses for academic risk monitoring were obtained, as well as a higher satisfaction among students and professors involved. It is concluded that the cloned classrooms are a factor of improvement in the learning results to be achieved. © 2023 IEEE.
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This article evaluates some effects that the treatment of the Covid-19 pandemic has had on young people in Ecuador. To build the research, 28 young women and men from the three continental regions of Ecuador have been consulted through online focus groups. The research approach was qualitative, so that more than its representativeness as a statistical sample, the analysis of the stories and experiences of the people consulted was prioritized around two axes of discussion: space and time. The findings have allowed us to assess how economic inequalities and lack of access to opportunities, added to an always stigmatized vision of young people, has made this population the first victims of treatment of a pandemic that has forgotten the cultural possibilities of containment. © 2023 Edipucrs. All rights reserved.
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Dairy production systems in Ecuador have been studied in the last 10 years. During the Covid-2019 pandemic, the entire human society was harmed and agricultural activities affected by the disease and by the restrictions implemented to prevent its spread. The dairy industry did not escape this global situation and was affected in various countries. Reports from Ecuador and Asian countries indicate the unfavorable effect that this global health emergency situation had on dairy production. However, according to a report by the Argentine Dairy Chain Observatory1, world milk production had a constant growth of around 3%. It is considered that the activities carried out by veterinarians, milking and animal handling operators, inseminators and by the personnel dedicated to the management of paddocks were affected by Covid-19. Likewise, the supply of medicines, agricultural inputs and technology had a critical situation due to the pandemic. In addition, the response times were not always adequate, especially due to the absenteeism of livestock personnel, human mortality and effects on the health and well-being of people . Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the effects the pandemic could have on the country's cattle farms. The objective of this work was to evaluate whether the pandemic period affected milk production per hectare per year in Ecuadorian herds.
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The disease caused by SARS COV2 initially identified in the city of Wuhan - China, covers a wide spectrum of respiratory conditions, mostly mild presentations;however, with a percentage of potentially lethal pathologies such as ARDS. There are also findings whose association with the new coronavirus is still uncertain;pleural effusions, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, pulmonary cavitations, have been described in patients with SARS COV2 infection. The purpose of this paper is to present a case of pulmonary cavitation in the context of the disease caused by SARS COV2 in a Hospital in Quito-Ecuador.Copyright © 2023 Sociedad Madrinela de Neumologia y Cirugia Toracica. All rights reserved.
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The infection by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) had in its beginnings a debated treatment, due to the unknown about its pathogenesis, which with the passage of time was clarified evidencing an inflammatory component. Corticosteroid therapy showed as a therapeutic option. In patients with corticosteroids it is essential to know the possible side reactions due to their immunosuppressive effect. We present the case of a 48-year-old male from Ecuador, who after infection by SARSCoV- 2 treated with corticosteroids, suffering as a complication the appearance of a serpiginous rash in the lumbar region. Due to its migratory history, serology for Strongyloides stercoralis, the diagnosis of currens larva was confirmed.Copyright © 2023 Sociedad Madrinela de Neumologia y Cirugia Toracica. All rights reserved.
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: This research aimed to analyze the use of cybermarketing in the political campaign of Andrés Arauz during the 2021 presidential elections, in contrast to that of Lenín Moreno in 2017, to identify the change in strategies in the COVID-19 pandemic. For the design, techniques such as interviews with experts in political communication and surveys of young centennials and millennials between 21 and 29 years old in various provinces of Ecuador were used. La política ha adoptado las nuevas herramientas digitales para sus objetivos, gracias a ellas, por un lado, se puede realizar una mejor segmentación, un mayor alcance de información, mayor contacto con el electorado, etc., todo ello forma parte de lo que se conoce como ciberpolítica, entendida como "nuevas formas de interacción entre el gobierno y los ciudadanos, entre éstos y los partidos políticos, entre las empresas y los órganos legislativos, entre ciudadanos de un régimen político y entre ciudadanos del mundo" (Caballero, 2016, p. 292). En el caso de WhatsApp se discute si la misma se puede considerar como una red social que sea parte del marketing político ya que es una herramienta personal y casi no invasiva.
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: The general objective of this research work was to determine the feasibility of incorporating EVA as a didactic alternative in the teaching of critical medicine in postgraduate students. The study population was selected through an intentional sampling for convenience and was made up of 90 students and 23 teachers of the postgraduate degree in Critical Medicine from two private universities in Ecuador. The results obtained made it possible to determine the feasibility of incorporating EVAs in the academic training of critical medicine postgraduate students, thus also allowing the reduction of hospital absence times due to the academic training received virtually. Keywords: Learning, teaching, EVA, critical medicine, postgraduate. 1.Introducción El desarrollo de la tecnología en los últimos 5 años ha permitido a las personas contar con un mejor y mayor desarrollo en casi todas las áreas especialmente la educativa.
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All these changes transformed several human paradigms, among the recent changes of the contemporary age, we found: secular education, and virtual education, the latter became potentialized thanks to a global event. Thanks to this event, digital tools were essential for the intellectual and economic development of the world, among those used was the e-learning platform that allowed teachers and students to interact with each other. [...]there coexisted countless homes in which buying a technological device or hiring internet service was not possible, either because of the economic situation or geographical location, they could not access virtual classes, which led them to make monetary sacrifices such as: loans or mobilizing to places where the signal could reach. Keyword: Digital tools;virtual education;digital platforms;social networks. 1.Introducción Desde el comienzo de la historia de la humanidad, nuestra especie se caracterizó por la capacidad del racionamiento, lo que nos diferencia de los otros animales por el hecho de saber interpretar y preguntamos constantemente el porqué de las cosas.
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Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic remains a critical global health concern, with older adults being the most vulnerable group. Nonetheless, it is crucial to recognize that COVID-19 has caused numerous deaths in children worldwide. Emerging evidence indicates that infants and breastfeeding children, particularly those aged below one year, face a greater risk of hospitalization and mortality than older children with COVID-19. Objective: This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of COVID-19 among children during the early phase of the pandemic in Ecuador. Methods: We conducted a country-wide population-based analysis of the epidemiology of COVID-19, using incidence and mortality data reported from Ecuador between February 15, 2020 and May 14 2021. Measurements of frequency, central tendency, dispersion, and absolute differences were calculated for all categorical and continuous variables. Results: At least 34,001 cases (23,587 confirmed cases, 5,315 probable and 5,099 suspected) and 258 COVID-19 related deaths have been reported among children in Ecuador during the first 16 months of the pandemic. The overall incidence rate was 612 cases per 100,000 children, the mortality rate was 3 per 100,000, while the case fatality rate was 0.76%. The highest risk group for infection was children and adolescents between 15 and 19 years of age; however, the highest mortality rate occurred in children under one year of age. The largest provinces, such as Pichincha, Guavas and Manabí, were the ones that reported the highest number of cases, 27%, 12.1% and 10.8%, respectively. Conclusions: This study is the first to report on COVID-19 epidemics among children in Ecuador. Our findings reveal that younger children have a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but a higher risk of mortality compared to older children and adolescents. Additionally, we observed significant disparities in infection rates and outcomes among children living in rural areas, those with comorbidities, and those from indigenous ethnic groups.
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Las especies virales de la familia Coronaviridae presentan transmisión zoonótica y causan infecciones respiratorias y gastrointestinales en aves y mamíferos. En esta familia existen tres especies que han podido infectar diversas poblaciones humanas: SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV y SARS-CoV-2. Este último virus es el agente causal de la enfermedad denominada Covid-19, declarada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como pandemia debido a su forma de transmisión, periodo de latencia y reportes en todo el mundo. En Ecuador, el primer caso de Covid-19 fue diagnosticado el 28 de febrero de 2020 y las medidas sanitarias fueron focalizadas en la suspensión de eventos masivos de forma local. Varios días después, el aislamiento empezó con el decreto del Estado de Emergencia Sanitaria en el que el gobierno central y el municipio de Quito innovaron en medidas de contingencia y prevención. Acto seguido, la imposición de cuarentena y toque de queda nacional inició con la declaración del Estado de Excepción, pero el municipio de Guayaquil no pudo manejar la contumacia ciudadana. Producto de ello, Guayaquil reportó un crecimiento exorbitante de defunciones en hospitales, viviendas y calles de la urbe. Por otra parte, el modelo de gestión establecido en Quito minimizó el impacto de la nueva enfermedad.
Viral species of the Coronaviridae family present zoonotic transmission and cause respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in birds and mammals. Three species of this family managed to infect several human populations: SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. This last virus is the causative agent of the disease called covid-19, declared by the World Health Organization as a pandemic due to its mode of transmission, latency period and reports around the world. In Ecuador, the first case of covid-19 was diagnosed on February 28, 2020 and health measures have focused on suspending massive events locally. Several days later, isolation began with the decree of a State of Health Emergency in which the central government and the Municipality of Quito innovated in contingency and prevention measures. Immediately af terwards, the imposition of the quarantine and the national curfew began with the declaration of the State of Exception, but the municipality of Guayaquil was not able to face the citizen's contumacy. As a result, Guayaquil saw an exorbitant increase in deaths in hospitals, homes and city streets. On the other hand, the management model established in Quito minimized the impact of the new disease.
Espécies virais da família Coronaviridae apresentam transmissão zoonótica e causam infecções respiratórias e gastrointestinais em aves e mamíferos. Três espécies dessa família conseguiram infectar várias populações humanas: SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV e SARS-CoV-2. Este último vírus é o agente causador da doença chamada covid-19, declarada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como uma pandemia devido ao seu modo de transmissão, período de latência e relatos em todo o mundo. No Equador, o primeiro caso de covid-19 foi diagnosticado em 28 de fevereiro de 2020 e as medidas sanitárias concentraram-se na suspensão de eventos massivos localmente. Vários dias depois, o isolamento começou com o decreto de Estado de Emergência Sanitária no qual o governo central e o Município de Quito inovaram em medidas de contingência e prevenção. Imediatamente depois, começou a imposição da quarentena e do toque de recolher nacional com a declaração do Estado de Exceção, mas o município de Guayaquil não foi capaz de enfrentar a contumácia do cidadão. Como resultado disso, Guayaquil registrou um crescimento exorbitante de mortes em hospitais, residências e ruas da cidade. Por outro lado, o modelo de gestão estabelecido em Quito minimizou o impacto da nova doença.
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This article studies the causal effect of COVID-19 pandemic curfew and lockdown durations on gender violence measured by the female homicides rates across Ecuadorian municipalities. To overcome potential endogeneity concerns due to heterogeneous intensity in restriction durations, we implement an instrumental variable approach that adjusts the duration of the lockdown and each of the "red-light" policy stages based on the lags of contagion rates and the length of the policy. We show that the generalized lockdown led to a 0.91 percentage point increase of female homicide rates (12.75% in the prelockdown period), and the less restrictive mobility measures led to a 0.23 to 0.8 pp increases. These results are in line with very recent evidence of the COVID-19 lockdowns and violence against women during the pandemic. These findings appeal for policy interventions addressed to avoid violence against women during mobility restriction and emergencies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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COVID-19 has affected both the Eastern and Western hemispheres since December 2019. Some countries have had an efficient response depending on the availability of resources or the humanitarian approach applied to protect refugees and migrants in vulnerable situations. Ecuador and Iran have welcomed a large number of refugees and migrants from Venezuela and Afghanistan, respectively. Most of them need to work in the streets to earn some money, but the lockdown imposed has seriously damaged their revenues. The principal aim of this chapter is to analyse the response of Ecuador and Iran for protecting refugees and migrants in vulnerable situations during the COVID-19 pandemic. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
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Introduction: COVID-19 vaccines stimulate immune processes that allow SARS-CoV-2, which affected a large part of the population, to be mitigated. The research on the adverse reactions presented by the COVID-19 vaccines must be continuous, since at present there is not enough information on their consequences. Background: to determine the possible adverse reactions in young and older adults belonging to the Recinto Umpechico, inoculated against SARS-CoV-2 in Santo Domingo, during 2021. Method: a descriptive study was carried out in a population of 600 residents of said locality, inoculated against SARS-CoV-2. Non-probability convenience sampling was used, with a sample of 235 inhabitants. The study variables were: adverse reactions to COVID-19 vaccines, name of the vaccine received, number of doses, intensity and duration of symptoms, medications used to mitigate said adverse reactions. Results: 31.5% of the respondents who presented symptoms were male. The most common vaccine was Pfizer with 47.65%, with a percentage of symptoms of 29.36%. The most common adverse reaction was arm pain with 31.98%, lasting two to three days, equivalent to 48.96%;62.65% used paracetamol and 20.5% used cold water baths to reduce symptoms. Conclusions: the vaccines manufactured by the different pharmaceutical companies cause adverse reactions that range from mild to severe, manifesting at any age and for a short or long term, which in most cases are easily treated with pharmacological and non-pharmacological medications.
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Introduction: COVID-19 caused healthcare professional workers have faced the pandemic on the frontline at the risk of being infected with the virus. Despite the low mortality rate at present and the low presence of patients with COVID-19 in health care centers, the application of a fourth booster dose has generated different positions among several countries. Background: to determine whether personnel considered being at high risk of vulnerability in the city of Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador, have favorable intentions for receiving the fourth booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Method: a quantitative study of correlational scope and cross-sectional design was developed. A questionnaire consisting of 16 questions measured the following variables: risk of infection, perceived knowledge of the vaccine, confidence in the vaccine and intention to be vaccinated;this questionnaire was applied to 375 participants. Statistical analyses were developed using the microsoft Excel spreadsheed and Statistical Packagefor Social Sciences 21 (SPSS 21). Results: statistical analyses showed that the risk of infection (beta = 0.178**), perceived knowledge about the vaccine (beta = 0.218**) and confidence about the vaccine (beta = 0.192**) are significantly correlated with the intention to be fully vaccinated, thus showing the need for a fourth booster dose by vulnerable sectors. Conclusion: this is the first research that presents results regarding the intention to vaccinate vulnerable people and highlights the intention to access a fourth booster dose.